What is radiocarbon dating technique can be used to find out what age?

This technique will not help us if we want to know is still in his life, such as friends talked us through the Internet that claim to 25 years. Determination of age using radiocarbon dating techniques (radiocarbon dating) is useful to determine the remaining life of plant or animal that died about five hundred to fifty thousand years ago.
Since the discovery by a professor of chemistry University of Chicago, Willard F. Libby (1908-1980) around 1950s (he received the Nobel Prize for the discovery in 1960), radiocarbon dating techniques have become very powerful tools in archaeological research, oceanography, and several other disciplines.

 For radiocarbon dating techniques to tell the age of an object, that object must contain organic carbon, namely carbon which had been part of the body of plants or animals. Radiocarbon dating methods tell us how long ago the plant or animal life, or more precisely, how long ago the plant or animal dies.
Radiocarbon test can be conducted on materials such as wood, bone, charcoal from the hearth of ancient camp or cave, or even a linen cloth used to wrap mummies, because the linen cloth made from flax plant fibers.
Carbon is a chemical element that was conceived by every living creature in the form of various biochemical substances, in proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, hormones, enzymes, etc.. Indeed, the study of chemistry of carbon-based chemicals called "organic chemistry" because once people believe that the only place for these chemicals are living creatures.
Now, people know that we can make all kinds of carbon-based organic chemicals from petroleum without having to take of plant or animal.
However, carbon in living things differ in one important case of carbon in the materials are not living things such as coal, petroleum, and minerals. Carbon "live" carbon atmospheres containing small amounts of certain types called carbon-14, while the carbon "dead" only contain atoms of carbon-12 and carbon-13.
The three kinds of different carbon atoms are called isotopes of carbon, they all behave the same chemically, but have a different weight, or more precisely, have different masses.
What is unique about the carbon-14, in addition to its mass, is because they are radioactive. Namely, they are unstable and tend to become weak, fragmented firing subatomic particles: particles called beta.
Thus all living things actually are radioactive, although few, that is because it has a carbon-14. Yes, including you and me, we are all radioactive. People with a weight of 68 kg contains about a million billion atoms of carbon-14 that fired a 200 000 beta particles every minute!

What is radiocarbon dating technique can be used to find out what age?

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Know Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

Hydrogen peroxide with a chemical formula H2O2 was found by Louis Jacques Thenard in the year 1818. This compound is an inorganic chemical that has powerful oxidizing properties. Raw material of hydrogen peroxide is hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2). The technology is widely used in the auto industry is the hydrogen peroxide oxidation of anthraquinone.

H2O2 is colorless, odorless typical slightly acidic, and dissolves well in water. Under normal conditions (ambient conditions), hydrogen peroxide is very stable with decomposition rate of approximately less than 1% per year.

The majority of the use of hydrogen peroxide is to utilize and manipulate the decomposition reaction, which essentially produces oxygen. In the production phase hydrogen peroxide, chemical stabilizer ingredient is usually added in order to inhibit the rate of decomposition.

 Including the decomposition that occurs during the hydrogen peroxide product in storage. In addition to producing oxygen, hydrogen peroxide decomposition reaction also produces water (H2O) and heat. Exothermic decomposition reaction that occurs is as follows:

H2O2 -> H2O + 1/2O2 + 23:45 kcal / mol

Factors that affect hydrogen peroxide decomposition reaction is:

1. Certain organic materials, such as alcohol and gasoline
2. Catalysts, such as Pd, Fe, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Mn
3. Temperature, hydrogen peroxide decomposition reaction rate increased by 2.2 x every increase of 10 ° C (in the temperature range 20-100oC)
4. Container is an uneven surface (active surface)
5. Suspended solids, like dust particles or other impurities
6. The higher the pH (more alkaline) the higher the rate of decomposition
7. Radiation, especially radiation from the light with short wavelengths

Hydrogen peroxide can be used as a bleaching agent or bleaching agent in pulp, paper and textiles. These compounds are also commonly used in wastewater treatment processes, chemical industry, the manufacture of detergents, food and beverage, medical, and electronics industries (manufacture of PCBs).

One of the benefits of hydrogen peroxide compared with the other oxidant is its environmentally friendly because they do not leave harmful residues. Oksidatornya strength also can be adjusted as needed.

For example in the pulp and paper industry, the use of hydrogen peroxide is usually combined with NaOH or caustic soda. The more alkaline, then the hydrogen peroxide decomposition rate even higher. Hydrogen peroxide industry needs will continue to increase from year to year.

Although currently in Indonesia already have several factories producing hydrogen peroxide as PT Peroxide Indonesia Pratama, PT Degussa Peroxide Indonesia, and PT Inti Samator Peroxide, but domestic demand still remain to be imported.

Know Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

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Working Power of Detergents

As the other cleaning materials, detergents is the fruit of technological advances that make use of the chemical byproduct of petroleum refining, combined with other chemicals such as phosphate, silicate, dye, and fragrance ingredients.

circa 1960's, early-generation detergent appeared using surface activating chemicals (surfactants) Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate (ABS) which is able to produce foam. However, due to the difficult nature of the ABS is broken down by microorganisms in the soil surface, eventually replaced with a compound of Linear Alkyl Sulfonate (LAS) are believed to be relatively more familiar with the environment.

In many countries around the world use has been banned and replaced ABS with LAS. While in Indonesia, the rules regarding the prohibition of the use of ABS is still outstanding. Some of the reasons is the use of ABS in detergent products, among others, for their low cost, stability in the form of cream / pasta and abundant foam.

The use of soap as a cleaning agent diluted with water in mountainous areas or swamp the former residential areas often do not produce foam. This is because the nature of soap that will not produce foam when dissolved in hard water (water containing certain metals or lime). However, the use of detergent with water that is hard, will still produce an abundant foam.

Soap or detergent dissolved in water in the washing process, will form the emulsion with dirt that will be wasted when flushing. But there are mistaken opinion that the more abundant foam will make laundry soap water be cleaner.

Foam with a large surface area can indeed absorb dirt dust, but the presence of surfactant, the cleaning can be performed without the need for foam.

Deliberately formed opinion that the foam showed abundant labor resources detergent is misleading. So, the washing process does not depend on whether or not the foam or less and the number of foam produced.

The ability of these detergent cleaning power can be increased if the laundry is heated because of the power of enzymes and bleach will be effective. However, washing with hot water will cause color to fade clothing. So for colored clothes, you should not use the water warm / hot.

Use of detergents are also often cause new problems, especially for users who have a sensitive nature. Users detergents may experience skin irritation, skin rashes, or skin becomes even more heat after using detergent.

Working Power of Detergents

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Metallic Mercury Toxic Effects

Mercury is denoted by Hg, Hydragyrum acronym meaning liquid silver. Mercury is one metal element which is in group II B in the periodic system, with atomic number 80 and mass number of 200.59. Mercury produced naturally derived from ore processing, Cinabar, with oxygen (Palar, 1994).

The resulting mercury was used in the synthesis of inorganic compounds and organic compounds that contain mercury. In everyday life, mercury is in three basic forms, namely: metallic mercury, inorganic mercury and organic mercury

Metallic mercury is also known as the element mercury (mercury-element), a metallic form of mercury. This silver-colored metal. This type of mercury used in laboratory tools such as mercury thermometers, thermostats, spignometer, barometers and other. In general, metallic mercury has the following characteristics, Tangible liquid at room temperature (250C) with freezing point (-390C). Is the most volatile metals. It has a very low electrical resistance, so that is used as a good conductor of electricity. Can form alloys with other metals (also called amalgams)

Metallic mercury is used widely in industries, such as a cathode in the electrolysis of sodium chloride to produce kautik soda (NaOH) and chlorine gas. The metal is also used in the process of extraction of precious metals, especially gold extraction from ore, used also as a catalyst in the chemical industry as well as an anti-dull in the paint.

Metallic mercury can enter the human body through the respiratory tract. Broken mercury thermometer is one such example. When the thermometer breaks, most of the mercury evaporates into the air. Metallic mercury can be inhaled by humans who are nearby.

Eighty percent (80%) of mercury vapor is inhaled, absorbed by the lung alveoli. This metallic mercury into the human circulatory system with the aid of hydrogen peroxide and metallic mercury is converted into inorganic mercury.

The use of metallic mercury and the other most common is the dental amalgam. Dental amalgam contains 50% of the element mercury, 35% silver, 9% tin 6% copper and zinc. Amalgam fillings are used as dental cavities.

Amalgam fillings release microscopic particles and mercury vapor. Activities chew and drink hot foods and drinks that increase the frequency of loss of dental fillings. Mercury vapor will be absorbed by the roots of teeth, mucous membranes of the mouth and gums, and swallowed, then up to the esophagus and gastrointestinal tract.

Metallic mercury in the gastrointestinal tract will be converted to mercury sulfide and excreted through feces. Researchers from the University Of Calgari reported that 10% of mercury derived from amalgam eventually accumulate in the organs of the body (McCandless, 2003)

Metallic mercury is fat soluble and distributed throughout the body. Metallic mercury can penetrate the Blood-Brain barrier (B3) or the placenta barrier. Both are membrane covering the brain or fetus from the harmful compounds. Once through the Blood-Brain barrier, metallic mercury will accumulate in the brain. While the mercury through the placenta barrier which will damage the growth and development of the fetus.

Metallic Mercury Toxic Effects

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